Point, whose construction, begun in 1853, had languished. In February 1861, two months before the Civil War’s first shots, officials in the outgoing administration of President James Buchanan ordered the completion and arming of Ft.
officials in California thus faced the challenge of tamping down open and clandestine Confederate insurgencies within the state and preventing invasion by outside rebel forces.
By the time the war erupted, about 40% of California’s white population of 380,000 hailed from below the Mason-Dixon line. Moreover, with the Gold Rush of 1849, thousands of Southerners had streamed into the state, many of whom favored the Confederacy. In 1861, slavery remained illegal in California, but blacks lacked full rights, such as suffrage. California entered the Union in 1850 as a free state, and Abraham Lincoln, in the 1860 presidential race, managed to carry the state.
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